Jaw Crusher: Working Principle and Technical Details
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Jaw crushers achieve efficient primary crushing of hard materials through "simple and reliable mechanical structures + periodic jaw-clenching motions", making them an indispensable "first crushing checkpoint" in industrial material processing production lines.
Jaw Crusher: Working Principle and Technical Details
Jaw crushers are core equipment in industrial fields (such as mining, construction, and building materials) used for primary crushing of hard materials (ores, rocks, concrete blocks, etc.). Their working principle is based on "simulating the jaw-clenching motion of animals" — through the periodic compression and shearing actions of a fixed jaw plate and a movable jaw plate, large-sized materials are crushed to a particle size that meets the requirements of subsequent processing. The following is a detailed analysis from three aspects: core structure, working process, and key principles.
Ⅰ Core Structure: 4 Key Components Supporting "Jaw-Clenching Crushing"
The structural design of a jaw crusher revolves around "stable compression + efficient crushing." The core components and their functions are as follows:
Core Component | Location & Function |
Fixed Jaw Plate | Vertically or obliquely fixed at the front end of the equipment frame. Its inner side is usually equipped with tooth-like grooves (to increase friction with materials and prevent slipping), serving as the "fixed supporting surface" during the crushing process. |
Movable Jaw Plate | Positioned opposite the fixed jaw plate and connected to the "eccentric shaft" (a core driving component). It can swing periodically around the "toggle plate" at its lower end, simulating the "opening and closing motion of a lower jaw" and acting as the "moving surface" for active crushing. |
Eccentric Shaft | Installed on the bearings of the top frame of the equipment and driven to rotate by a motor via a pulley. The "eccentric design" (offset between the shaft center and the geometric center) of the eccentric shaft drives the movable jaw plate to perform a combined swing (up-down + back-forth) (moving toward/away from the fixed jaw plate). |
Toggle Plate | Connects the lower end of the movable jaw plate to the frame and serves two key functions: 1. Supporting the movable jaw plate and limiting its swing trajectory; 2. Acting as a "safety overload protection component" — when uncrushable hard objects (such as iron blocks) are mixed into the materials, the toggle plate will break first, preventing damage to core components like the motor and jaw plates. |
Ⅱ Working Process: 3 Stages to Complete "Feeding - Crushing - Discharging"
The working process of a jaw crusher is continuous and periodic, divided into a "crushing cycle" and a "discharging cycle." The specific steps are as follows:
1. Feeding Stage: Materials Enter the Crushing Chamber
Large-sized materials enter the "crushing chamber" (the space between the two jaw plates) through the top "feed inlet" (the opening formed by the upper ends of the fixed and movable jaw plates). Driven by gravity, the materials fall to the bottom of the crushing chamber and are initially positioned. At this time, the movable jaw plate is in a state of "moving away from the fixed jaw plate," leaving space to accommodate the materials.
2. Crushing Stage: Crushing Materials via Compression + Shearing
The motor drives the eccentric shaft to rotate, which in turn drives the movable jaw plate to move toward the fixed jaw plate — the space between the two jaw plates narrows, generating a strong "compression effect" on the materials. Meanwhile, due to the movable jaw plate’s swing trajectory (with a larger swing amplitude at the upper end and a smaller one at the lower end), a slight "shearing effect" is also applied to the materials (especially effective for materials with high toughness).
When the compressive force exceeds the "compressive strength" of the materials, the materials are crushed into small pieces. If the target particle size is not achieved in one crushing cycle, the small pieces will be repeatedly compressed in the crushing chamber until they meet the required particle size.
3. Discharging Stage: Qualified Materials Are Discharged
As the eccentric shaft continues to rotate, the movable jaw plate swings away from the fixed jaw plate along with the movement of the eccentric shaft, expanding the space at the bottom of the crushing chamber. Materials that have been crushed to a size "smaller than the discharge outlet" (qualified particle size) are discharged through the bottom "discharge outlet" under gravity and sent to subsequent equipment (such as cone crushers, vibrating screens, etc.). Larger unqualified materials remain in the crushing chamber and wait for the next crushing cycle.
Jaw Crusher,Crushing Materials,Crusher
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